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[...]many elementary and secondary schools were closed in 2020;when they reopened in 2021, masks and social distancing were in place. [...]these factors may have significantly reduced children and unvaccinated families from contracting and spreading the measles virus. Pediatric tuberculosis A diagnosis of pediatric tuberculosis (TB), for either latent TB (referred to as tuberculosis infection [TBI]7) or TB disease (active TB), is made for patients aged less than 15 years who have either a positive tuberculin skin test or a positive interferongamma release assay.7,8 Both tests have a high positive predictive value when used for children who have had a direct contact exposure to an adult with TB disease.7 Infants and young children are at increased risk of developing life-threatening forms of the disease, including TB meningitis and disseminated TB, compared with older children and adults.8 The greatest numbers of TB cases occur in children under 5 years old, with 38% of pediatric cases occurring within this age range.7 In addition, in 2020, 28% of the 10- to 14-year-old population had a diagnosis of pediatric TB.8 Data from TB cases in children aged less than 18 years living in the United States from 2010 to 2017 revealed that 32% of children with TB disease were born in other countries.9 Adults who have the TB bacterium, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, spread the organism via airborne transmission by coughing, speaking, or singing. [...]children with pediatric TB do not spread the organism as readily as adults, because pediatric TB is less infectious than the adult form.8 Children may present with a cough, weakness, weight loss, fever, change in playtime behaviors, and/or night sweats.8 Children younger than 4 years are at the highest riskof progressing from TBI to TB disease, with data showing a risk of 40% to 50% for infants less than 1 year old and 25% for 1- to 2-year-olds.8 However, children with a diagnosis of TBI who receive drug therapy and whose parents adhere to the regimen have a 90% reduced risk of developing TB disease.8 Adolescents older than 12 years have a risk of progression to adult-type TB disease. Providers need to be aware that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention does not recommend the 4-month rifapentine-moxifloxacin TB regimen for children younger than 12 years.8 Best practices for pediatric providers include consulting a TB expert prior to beginning the treatment course, based on the available data showing that young children have a high risk of developing life-threatening TB disease.8 Conclusions Pediatric health care providers are on the frontlines for identifying infectious diseases and, to prevent poor outcomes, must react quickly to diagnose and treat cases in children and adolescents.
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Aim. This research aimed to explore how servant leadership nurtures nurses' job embeddedness by uncovering the sequential mediation of psychological contract fulfillment and psychological ownership. Background. The healthcare of Pakistan is undergoing an acute shortage of 1.3 million nurses. The gap is widening due to unprecedented natural uncertainties (floods, earthquakes, COVID-19, dengue, polio, and monkeypox) and the large-scale brain drain of nurses. Therefore, exploring the underlying factors that could facilitate nurses' job embeddedness is imperative. Methods. A cross-sectional research design was employed, wherein data were gathered in three rounds, two months apart, from 587 nurses employed in public hospitals in Pakistan, and analysis was performed with Smart-PLS. Results. Servant leadership positively influences nurses' job embeddedness and psychological contract fulfillment. Besides, psychological contract fulfillment positively affects psychological ownership, and psychological ownership enhances nurses' job embeddedness. Finally, psychological contract fulfillment and psychological ownership sequentially mediate the relationship between servant leadership and job embeddedness. Conclusions. This research emphasized the vitality of servant leadership in nurturing nurses' job embeddedness. Implications for Nursing Management. Healthcare authorities should keenly focus on promoting servant leadership that shapes the positive perception of nurses about their psychological contract fulfillment and psychological ownership, which are essential resources to cherish nurses' job embeddedness.
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Dengue fever (DF) is an arthropod-borne viral infection caused by four serotypes of dengue virus (DENV 1-4) transmitted to the host by the vector mosquito Aedes, which causes fever, vomiting, headache, joint pain, muscle pain, and a distinctive itching and skin rash, ultimately leading to dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The first case of DF in Pakistan was documented in 1994, but outbreak patterns began in 2005. As of 20 August 2022, Pakistan has 875 confirmed cases, raising alarming concerns. Misdiagnosis due to mutual symptoms, lack of an effective vaccine, the weakened and overburdened health system of Pakistan, irrational urbanization, climate change in Pakistan, insufficient waste management system, and a lack of awareness are the significant challenges Pakistan faces and result in recurrent dengue outbreaks every year. The recent flood in Pakistan has caused massive destruction, and stagnant dirty water has facilitated mosquito breeding. Sanitization and spraying, proper waste management, an adequate and advanced diagnostic system, control of population size, public awareness, and promotion of medical research and global collaboration, especially amidst flood devastation, are recommended to combat this deadly infection in Pakistan. This article aims to comprehensively review the year-round DF in Pakistan, highlighting the surge amidst ongoing flood havoc and the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic.
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According to the Berlin classification10, Group 3 consisted of patients who had PaO2/FiO2 between 200-300 mild ARDS (Acute respiratory distress syndrome) or more than 300 non-ARDS and whose clinical condition is not severe, nasal oxygen support was sufficient. Patients older than 18 years of age, whose blood group information was registered in the hospital database system, and who had positive PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) test results were included in the study. Patients whose blood group information was not registered in the hospital database system and PCR test results were negative, and who were younger than 18 years of age were excluded from the study. [...]we did not find a significant difference between AB0 and Rh blood groups and disease severity in patients with mild clinical findings and intensive care patients with moderate-severe clinical findings.
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Background: Dengue fever as a mosquito-borne disease, has rapidly spread due to climate change, globalization, and human behavior. Iran is prone to dengue fever, as its vector recently has been found in the country. This study aimed to assess predictors of dengue preventive practices based on Precaution Adoption Process Model (PAPM) factors in West Azerbaijan province, northwest of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study conducted on 405 health professionals of communicable disease sector who were interested in study participation. Data-gathering instrument was an online researcher-made questionnaire consisting of demographic characteristics (11 items), questions based on PAPM, and dengue preventive practices (85 items). Content validity and reliability of the instrument, content validity ratio, content validity index, and Cronbach a were utilized, respectively. Descriptive, analytical, and regression analysis using SPSS and STATA were examined. Results: Regression analysis revealed that awareness of appropriate actions for dengue prevention was a stronger predictor of preventive practice in borderline and appropriate categories (ß= 4.09, p< 0.001) and (ß= 4.42, p< 0.001), re - spectively. Among factors of PAPM, beliefs about precaution effectiveness and difficulty in borderline (ß= 1.04, p= 0.04) and appropriate (ß= 1.12, p= 0.03) groups had direct and significant relation with dengue preventive practice. Conclusion: The highest mean score of beliefs about hazard likelihood and severity factor was related to dengue prevention. Therefore, theory-based interventions that address beliefs about precaution effectiveness and difficulty can lead to assistance in acting. To improve dengue preventive practices, a well-designed promotive intervention that addresses associated factors in a context-specific manner is essential.
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Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) are two retroviruses that have a similar fashion of transmission via sharp objects contaminated by viruses, transplant surgery, transfusion, and sexual relations. Simultaneous infections with HTLV-I and HIV-1 usually occur in areas where both viruses have become endemic. CD4+T cells are the main targets of HTLV-I, while HIV-1 can infect CD4+T cells and macrophages. It is the aim of this study to develop a model of HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection that describes the interactions of nine compartments: susceptible cells of both CD4+T cells and macrophages, HIV-1-infected cells that are latent/active in both CD4+T cells and macrophages, HTLV-I-infected CD4+T cells that are latent/active, and free HIV-1 particles. The well-posedness, existence of equilibria, and global stability analysis of our model are investigated. The Lyapunov function and LaSalle's invariance principle were used to study the global asymptotic stability of all equilibria. The theoretically predicted outcomes were verified by utilizing numerical simulations. The effect of including the macrophages and latent reservoirs in the HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection model is discussed. We show that the presence of macrophages makes a coinfection model more realistic when the case of the coexistence of HIV-1 and HTLV-I is established. Moreover, we have shown that neglecting the latent reservoirs in HTLV-I and HIV-1 coinfection modeling will lead to the design of an overflow of anti-HIV-1 drugs.
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Dengue fever is a flu-like ailment propagated by female mosquitos of the Aedes aegypti species. It is also known as dandaka jwara in Ayurveda. It is most common in the world's subtropical and tropical climate zones. Vomiting, severe headache, nausea, rashes, joint pain, pain behind the eyes, muscle pain, and swollen glands are all common dengue symptoms. If not handled promptly, these symptoms can lead to more severe issues such as exhaustion, blood in the vomit, continuous vomiting, bleeding gums, restlessness, severe abdominal pain, and rapid bleeding. Because there is no specific medication for dengue fever, the disease is treated by eliminating and managing the symptoms. Fortunately, there are a variety of ayurvedic remedies (like Carica papaya L., Cissampelos pareira L., etc.) that can help to tackle the same by strengthening the immune system and controlling hyperthermia. This review article provides a comprehensive overview of dengue virus infections, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, mitigation, and treatments, focusing on ayurvedic and herbal remedies.Copyright © 2022 The Author(s)
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Facing the outbreak of an unprecedented pandemic, along with a disturbing sociopolitical environment, folklorists should and can reflect upon what we have done within our discipline and what we can contribute to the discourse and public understanding of such realities with folkloristic perspectives. This introduction intends to define the study of folklore of epidemics as a new research area, building upon the studies of disaster folklore and ethnic minority folklore. It also discusses issues of marginalization, minoritization, and invisibility in folklore studies as a reflection of systemic racism in folkloristics as well as in broader society where the victimization of minorities and low-income class during the COVID-19 pandemic has been ultimately exposed.
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India is an endemic country for dengue. The incidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) with dengue in children has been well-reported. However, central nervous system (CNS) HLH associated with dengue has not been described in the literature yet. We hereby report a novel case of CNS HLH triggered by dengue infection. An eight-month-old, well-grown male infant with uneventful antenatal, perinatal, and neonatal history was admitted with a history of febrile illness associated with cough, cold, vomiting, and loose motions and one episode of hematochezia and hepatosplenomegaly on examination. Investigations revealed bi-cytopenia, hyper-ferritinemia, deranged coagulation profile, liver function test, and hypo-fibrinogenemia. Dengue non-structural protein 1 ( NS1) antigen was positive. The child was given dexamethasone and continued supportive care with a diagnosis of dengue shock syndrome. The child showed an overall transient improvement, however, he had rebound fever followed by right focal convulsion on Day 9 of steroids. MRI brain revealed areas of diffusion-restricted embolic infarcts with diffuse leptomeningeal enhancement and mild cerebral edema, and CSF showed a total leukocyte count of 80 cells with 75% lymphocytic picture, histiocytes with hemophagocytosis, confirmatory of CNS HLH. Intrathecal methotrexate, hydrocortisone, and intravenous (IV) etoposide were started. However, the child succumbed to his illness. CNS involvement in dengue-triggered HLH needs to be suspected despite subtle neurological signs and aggressively managed following a multi-departmental approach to ensure the best clinical and neuro-developmental outcomes.
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In this work, our target point is to focus on rough approximation operators generated from infra-topology spaces and examine their features. First, we show how infra-topology spaces are constructed from N j -neighborhood systems under an arbitrary relation. Then, we exploit these infra-topology spaces to form new rough set models and scrutinize their master characterizations. The main advantages of these models are to preserve all properties of Pawlak approximation operators and produce accuracy values higher than those given in several methods published in the literature. One of the unique characterizations of the current approach is that all the approximation operators and accuracy measures produced by the current approach are identical under a symmetric relation. Finally, we present two medical applications of the current methods regarding Dengue fever and COVID-19 pandemic. Some debates regarding the pros and cons of the followed technique are given as well as some upcoming work are proposed.
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Él primer caso de dengue fue reportado en china en el año 992 y en el año 1975 esta enfermedad cubrió gran parte del mundo y causo muchas muertes especialmente entre los niños, posteriormente en los años 80 se volvió una epidemia común, al comienzo de los años 2000 el dengue se convirtió en la segunda enfermedad más común de las transmitidas por vectores, se compone de cuatro serotipos virales diferenciable 1,2,3 y 4 cualquiera de ellas es capaz de producir las formas graves de la enfermedad , no obstante los serotipo 2,3 están asociados a una mayor cantidad de casos graves y fallecimientos, la enfermedad del dengue cuenta de 3 etapas , fase inicial que se da desde el momento del contagio hasta que se producen los primeros síntomas, Fase clínica la enfermedad comienza a mostrar los síntomas característicos , cuando la enfermedad sobrepasa la barrera de los seis meses pasa a ser crónica y se debe aplicar un tratamiento adecuado para asegurar una pronta recuperación sin secuelas, luego tenemos la fase de resolución en esta fase existen varias vertientes puede ser que la enfermedad termine o pase a ser crónica o incluso llegar a ser terminal, según reportes en los últimos 50 años su incidencia ha incrementado anualmente ocurren un supuesto de 50 millones de infectados, en América en el año 2018 se notificaron 560.586 casos con una incidencia de 57,3 por cada 100.000 habitantes de los cuales 3.535 fueron clasificados como dengue grave. The first case of dengue fever was reported in China in 992 and in 1975 this disease covered much of the world and caused many deaths, especially among children, later in the 1980s it became a common epidemic, at the beginning of the 2000s dengue became the second most common vector-borne disease, it is composed of four distinguishable viral serotypes 1,2,3 and 4 any of them is capable of producing severe forms of the disease, however serotype 2.3 are associated with a greater number of serious cases and deaths, dengue disease has 3 stages, initial phase that occurs from the moment of contagion until the first symptoms occur, Clinical phase of the disease begins to show characteristic symptoms, when the disease exceeds the barrier of six months it becomes chronic and an appropriate treatment must be applied to ensure a prompt recovery without sequelae, then we have the resolution phase in this phase there are several aspects it may be that the disease ends or passes be chronic or even become terminal, according to reports in the last 50 years its incidence has increased annually, an assumption of 50 million infected occur, in America in 2018 560,586 cases were reported with an incidence of 57.3 per 100,000 inhabitants of which 3,535 were classified as severe dengue. Dengue in Ecuador represents a priority problem in public health, this is due to the fact that each year there are a large number of cases, in 2018 Ecuador reported 3,094 cases, of which 2,965 were dengue without an alarm sign and 123 cases were reported with alarm sign, in the last six years Ecuador has reported a greater number of cases in 2018 and 2020. Al comienzo de los años 2000, el dengue se ha transformado en la segunda enfermedad más común de las transmitidas por mosquitos, que causan daño a los seres humanos, solo después de la malaria El dengue lo componen cuatro serotipos virales serológicamente diferenciables (dengue 1,2,3 y 4) que comparten analógicamente estructurales y patogénicas por lo que cualquiera de ellas es capaz de producir las formas graves de la enfermedad, sin embargo, los serotipos 2 y 3 han estado asociados a la mayor cantidad de casos graves y fallecidos (Saavedra-Velasco et al., 2020) Los arbovirus se encuentran compuestos por partículas de 40 a 50 nm de diámetro que consisten de proteínas estructurales de la envoltura, membrana y cápside, así como un genoma de ácido ribonucleico, también se encuentran otras proteínas no estructurales NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B Y NS5-3 (Saavedra-Velasco et al., 2020) ha sido reportada la trasmisión vertical del vi us del dengue en estudios descriptivos entre 1.6 y 64 % en mujeres embarazadas.
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This study applied the theory of statistical analysis, Extreme Value Theory (EVT), with dengue fever cases reported between 2010 and 2019 from the Department of Disease Control Bureau of Epidemiology, Ministry of Health, Nakhon Sawan region. From the results of this study, it showed that the highest monthly recurrence values of dengue fever for Nakhon Sawan province in every 5, 10, and 20 years were 43.1725, 54.6569, and 68.1125 per 100,000 populations, respectively. [ FROM AUTHOR]
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In developing countries, infectious diseases are thriving due to poor hygiene, inadequate public health infrastructure, and socio-cultural factors. Generally, infections are due to a single pathogen, but due to the shared risk factors for transmission, co-infections are not uncommon. The severity and outcome of infections are adversely affected by co-infection. Co-infections present as diagnostic and therapeutic enigmas because of the complex interaction between different pathogens involved and distorted host responses. The southeast Asian region, particularly Pakistan, is known for unique combinations of different infections. We present a distinctive case of triple co-infection of dengue virus, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. The index case was a 60-year-old gentleman who presented with fever, cough, shortness of breath, bruises, and hemoptysis. He had thrombocytopenia, deranged liver and renal function, coagulopathy, and infiltrates in both lung fields. Subsequent investigations revealed a positive polymerase chain reaction for ribonucleic acid of dengue virus, Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic fever virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. He received supportive treatment including antibiotics, blood products, ribavirin, and supplemental oxygen. He developed multi-organ failure and succumbed to the triple co-infection. This case will act as a wake-up call for clinicians, public health authorities, and infectious disease specialists to plan before the volcano of co-infections erupts.
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Air pollution may be involved in spreading dengue fever (DF) besides rainfalls and warmer temperatures. While particulate matter (PM), especially those with diameter of 10 µm (PM10) or 2.5 µm or less (PM25), and NO2 increase the risk of coronavirus 2 infection, their roles in triggering DF remain unclear. We explored if air pollution factors predict DF incidence in addition to the classic climate factors. Public databases and DF records of two southern cities in Taiwan were used in regression analyses. Month order, PM10 minimum, PM2.5 minimum, and precipitation days were retained in the enter mode model, and SO2 minimum, O3 maximum, and CO minimum were retained in the stepwise forward mode model in addition to month order, PM10 minimum, PM2.5 minimum, and precipitation days. While PM2.5 minimum showed a negative contribution to the monthly DF incidence, other variables showed the opposite effects. The sustain of month order, PM10 minimum, PM2.5 minimum, and precipitation days in both regression models confirms the role of classic climate factors and illustrates a potential biological role of the air pollutants in the life cycle of mosquito vectors and dengue virus and possibly human immune status. Future DF prevention should concern the contribution of air pollution besides the classic climate factors.
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It’s time to reflect back. The global pandemic resulting from the COVID-19 is regarded as one of the greatest health crisis in WHO records. Many countries came to a halt as a result of the pandemic: businesses, employees, and markets have been dealing with a variety of difficulties ranging from spread of the disease to various social-human-economic impacts. In India, the crisis started in March 2020 and the consumers were confined to homes like the rest of the world. The individuals became skeptical of all their purchase decisions whether related to essentials like grocery items or high priced lifestyle products. There was indeed a paradigm shift in consumer psychology although the same may not last post covid era. However, the pandemic phase did influence the consumers’ mindset although for a brief stint. This phase gave a valuable insight about how purchase making decisions changes because of the changes in the macro-environment. The purpose of this research is to document and assess how these external shifts in the marketplace impacted consumer behavior overall. The pandemic era may have also created different consumption traits and opportunities for new business patterns that fit in better with changes. An in-depth study was conducted to determine the changes in customers buying perceptions for shopping various products. It also assessed whether the consumer preferred a different shopping environment in terms of inclination towards online shopping;and whether their perception of going back to shopping malls for their purchases have altered a bit.
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Introduction: Dengue is one of top ten global health threats and is a serious burden in the Philippines. Dengvaxia immunization program was launched on April 2016 for children 9-14-year-olds in three regions with high statistics of dengue, hospitalization, and deaths. This was coincidentally the campaign period for national elections. Use of vaccine, once available, was part of a strategy to control epidemic. Current measures were inadequate. On the 30 November 2017, Sanofi announced an advisory that vaccine should not be used in those who are dengue naive otherwise they will have risk for severe dengue and additional hospitalization. What started as vaccine-vigilance information sparked a public outcry. This led to a series of parliamentary investigations, traditional and social media misinformation and disinformation vilifying the health decision makers and the company, and criminal charges filed against over 20 individuals by the state over alleged unproven vaccine caused deaths. Despite attempts to correct these narratives by a few health professionals, the damage to institution, the program, the product, and individuals have been done. The consequences of such actions of emotional approach without understanding the science have resulted in creating general vaccine rejection, hesitancy, other outbreaks such as measles, lowered confidence even with recent COVID vaccines. Objective: This aim to describe the situation at that time in the Philippines and extract lessons that will inform better risk communications during crisis. Methods: Literature analysis and environmental scans were undertaken. Results: Some of the important lessons learned are in risk management and communications. Adverse health product information should be announced with circumspect considering the level of health literacy and risk appreciation in a country. Partisan politics interfered with poorly understood science, fueled by imprudent comments by officials and health professionals who spoke out of turn, amplified by the media and created chaos. The fear was so palpable that enlightened health professionals refused to provide countervailing facts. While the vaccine is listed as part of WHO EML and used in many countries, Philippines has imposed a ban on the product. Reinstating the vaccine would be perceived as the government had back-pedaled on a mistake. In the meantime, the drama contributed to vaccination hesitancy and outbreaks. Conclusion: Public health decisions are policy and regulatory decisions anchored in ethical and utilitarian principles. Pharmacovigilance plays an important role in public health decisions but only if approached in a scientific and objective manner and in the context of a country's culture.
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Thrombocytopenia is a platelet count of less than 150 × 103 per μL and can occur from decreased platelet production, increased destruction, splenic sequestration, or dilution or clumping. Patients with a platelet count greater than 50 × 103 per μL are generally asymptomatic. Patients with platelet counts between 20 and 50 × 103 per μL may have mild skin manifestations such as petechiae, purpura, or ecchymosis. Patients with platelet counts of less than 10 × 103 per μL have a high risk of serious bleeding. Although thrombocytopenia is classically associated with bleeding, there are conditions in which bleeding and thrombosis can occur, such as antiphospholipid syndrome, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, and thrombotic microangiopathies. Patients with isolated thrombocytopenia in the absence of systemic illness most likely have immune thrombocytopenia or drug-induced thrombocytopenia. In stable patients being evaluated as outpatients, the first step is to exclude pseudothrombocytopenia by collecting blood in a tube containing heparin or sodium citrate and repeating the platelet count. If thrombocytopenia is confirmed, the next step is to distinguish acute from chronic thrombocytopenia by obtaining or reviewing previous platelet counts. Patients with acute thrombocytopenia may require hospitalization. Common causes that require emergency hospitalization are heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, thrombotic microangiopathies, and the hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count (HELLP) syndrome. Common nonemergency causes of thrombocytopenia include drug-induced thrombocytopenia, immune thrombocytopenia, and hepatic disease. Transfusion of platelets is recommended when patients have active hemorrhage or when platelet counts are less than 10 × 103 per μL, in addition to treatment (when possible) of underlying causative conditions. It is important to ensure adequate platelet counts to decrease bleeding risk before invasive procedures;this may also require a platelet transfusion. Patients with platelet counts of less than 50 × 103 per μL should adhere to activity restrictions to avoid trauma-associated bleeding. (Am Fam Physician. 2022;106(3):288–298. Copyright © 2022 American Academy of Family Physicians.)
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Dengue fever (DF) is a mosquito-borne disease prevalent in the tropics (e.g., sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and Central and South America) and a common cause of febrile illness in travelers. The high incidence of imported DF in Taiwan has led to a domestic outbreak. This study explored the risk factors associated with individuals given diagnoses of imported DF at international airports in Taiwan. The results may serve as a reference for DF prevention. In this retrospective study, data from the symptom notification system database of the Taiwan Centers for Disease Control (TCDC) were used. These data concerned travelers who returned to Taiwan from DF-endemic areas with suspected DF symptoms. The epidemiological characteristics of the cases were analyzed, and 28 variables related to DF infection were included in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. In 2018-2019, there were 8656 cases (451 positive and 8205 negative cases). The results revealed DF symptoms and a 16-30-day stay in endemic areas to be independent risk factors and the presence of three respiratory symptoms and <10 days of short-term travel to be protective factors. These results may enable the accurate assessment of symptoms in travelers with DF as well as the risk factors associated with imported DF, lowering the risk of indigenous DF outbreaks caused by imported DF.
Subject(s)
Airports , Dengue , Animals , Dengue/prevention & control , Humans , Retrospective Studies , Risk Factors , Taiwan/epidemiology , TravelABSTRACT
Dendrimers are potent synergists, carriers, and delivery molecules for natural biological products and pharmaceuticals. Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infection is causing serious diseases in humans and animals. Given the recorded antibacterial and antiviral activity of terminal-charged PAMAM dendrimers, the relation between dendrimer charge type and generation is to be established against S. aureus. Three types of polyanionic dendrimers comprising terminal groups sodium carboxylate (generations 1.5, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5), hydroxyl (generations 2, 3, 4, and 5), and succinamic acid (generations 2, 3, 4, and 5) and polycationic dendrimers containing primary amine (generations 2, 3, 4, and 5) were in antibacterial assays to determine their zone of inhibition and antibacterial activity. Cationic dendrimers were more potent than anionic dendrimers. The largest inhibition was shown by G(5)-128NH2 followed by G(4)-64NH2 primary amine dendrimers. Carboxylate, hydroxyl, and succinamic acid dendrimers showed weaker effects. Owing to their antibacterial actions, the addition of dendrimers to antibiotic preparations may increase their efficacy by their intrinsic and bacterial action by damaging the bacterial membranes as well as their usage in drug delivery.
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See PDF] According to the World Health Organization (WHO), Africa was home to 95 per cent of global malaria cases and 96 per cent of malaria deaths in 2020 , with children under five accounting for about 80 per cent of all malaria deaths in the region. Harper urged countries where NTDs are endemic to commit to bring treatment into their health systems and train their health workers to support this, especially in remote communities that also need access to clean water and sanitation. Melanie Renshaw, a senior technical advisor of the African Leaders Malaria Alliance, describes malaria and NTDs as pathfinders for sustainable pandemic preparedness and response and the long-term strengthening of health systems.